Mcgraw Hill Connect Microbiology Exam 1 Practice Test

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• Which differential stain detects mycolic acids in acid-fast bacteria?
• In Schaeffer-Fulton endospore staining, what is the purpose of heat?
• Chemosynthetic bacteria in deep-sea vents significance?
• Which statement about oxygen-using bacteria is correct?
• Which of the following is a virulence factor that helps bacteria evade host defenses by resisting phagocytosis?
• Which statement correctly contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
• The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method is used to assess what?
• Which statement about the extracellular polymeric matrix in biofilms is most accurate?
• Which term describes microorganisms that cause disease primarily in individuals with weakened immune systems?
• Endotoxins are part of Gram-negative outer membranes (LPS, Lipid A) released upon lysis.
• Which set correctly lists three physical methods to control microbial growth and one chemical method from the list?
• Which term describes an epidemic that is sustained over time by its spread from person to person?
• What is a plasmid?
• Which structure enables movement toward or away from chemical stimuli?
• Gram-positive cell envelope includes:
• What is a fastidious organism?
• Pili are hollow tubes used to attach to surfaces and transmit genetic information between cells. Which option best describes this?
• Which term describes a disease state caused directly by microorganisms or their products when cumulative effects of infection damage tissues and organs?
• Which term describes infection when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues; an example is influenza complicated by pneumonia?
• Which term denotes the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates?
• Which term best describes a disease spreading pattern across multiple communities via person-to-person transmission?
• How does temperature influence enzyme activity and growth rates in microorganisms?
• Which organism is commonly considered an opportunistic pathogen?
• Which term best describes an outbreak from exposure to a single source that affected victims at about the same time?
• Common source epidemic is which of the following?
• What is the glycocalyx?
• Which process enables bacteria to take up naked DNA from the environment?
• Which measure best describes the rate at which new cases occur during a defined period?
• Which term describes a microbe that can cause disease in an otherwise healthy individual?
• Which term refers to an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans, accounting for a large share of new diseases?
• What are the four phases of a bacterial growth curve and what occurs during each?
• Which medium is selective for Gram-negative bacteria and differential for lactose fermentation?
• A plating experiment yields 40 colonies from 0.1 mL of a 10^-3 dilution. What is the CFU/mL?
• Which of the following is NOT typically considered a virulence factor?
• A person who is clinically recovered from an infectious disease but still capable of transmitting the infectious agent to others.
• During bacterial conjugation, what leads to the formation of Hfr strains?
• Which term describes the degree of pathogenicity?
• Which term describes infection that spreads to several sites and tissue fluids (blood), and may travel via nerves and CSF?
• The toxic component of endotoxin LPS is which molecule?
• What is quorum sensing and why is it important for biofilm formation?
• Oxygen is a double-edged sword for microbes because it can do what?
• In microbial respiration, what is the role of the electron transport chain?
• Define phototrophs and chemotrophs, with microbial examples.
• Bacteria and Archaea are examples of which type of organisms?
• Which adhesion mechanism is illustrated by parasitic worms fastened by suckers, hooks, and barbs?
• Ribosomes are best described as which of the following?
• Which of the following is an advantage of the technology related to infectious disease developed in the 20th century?
• Prevalence is defined as?
• Periplasmic flagella are internal flagella found in which type of bacteria?
• Which color change on MacConkey agar indicates lactose fermentation?
• Which step is essential in chemical competence methods?
• Restriction enzymes are enzymes that...
• Which term is a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings?
• What is the purpose of MacConkey agar in clinical microbiology?
• Viruses are best described as
• During an illness, the phase in which the disease/illness reaches its full intensity is called the:
• The parenteral route describes infection deposited directly into tissues when barriers are penetrated.
• What are the subunits that compose the bacterial 70S ribosome?
• Which pairing correctly matches a bacterial structure to its primary function?
• Which statement best describes the primary purpose of microbial taxonomy?
• Which organism is a photoautotroph?
• The human microbiome project, started in the 2010s, provides detailed information about:
• The thick peptidoglycan layer is a feature of:
• Which statement best describes the microbial community living on and inside the human body?
• Which statement best contrasts bacteriophages and plasmids?
• The Gram stain is a staining method that distinguishes between what?
• Which mechanism directly neutralizes pathogens by blocking entry into host cells?
• Which component is part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?
• Lipopolysaccharides are characteristic of:
• The thin peptidoglycan layer is a feature of:
• Interferons primarily function to do what in antiviral defense?
• The main steps of bacterial conjugation involve transfer of DNA via F plasmid and the sex pilus. Which option accurately reflects this process?
• Group translocation via PEP-PTS is an example of which transport type?
• Which of the following correctly pairs a diagnostic staining technique with its purpose?
• Which statement best describes the function of a pilus?
• What is the role of lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria and why is it a concern in infections?
• Which immune response uses B cells and antibodies?
• Endospores are defined as which?
• Which term describes an infection that persists over a long period of time?
• Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages and give an example of a phage that uses lysogeny.
• Eukaryotes are characterized by which feature?
• Which organism lacks peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
• Giardia is best described as which type of organism?
• Which differential stain reveals endospores?
• What does infection mean?
• Which of the following best defines disease?
• Which statement best distinguishes prions from viruses?
• Which infectious agent is a small infectious RNA molecule that does not encode proteins?
• Spreads pathogen during incubation period, just prior to showing symptoms.
• Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer?
• Which statement best describes the clinical significance of biofilms?
• Complement activation contributes to host defense by which process(es)?
• Incubation period is the interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms.
• Amphitrichous describes what arrangement?
• Short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms.
• Which term describes a disease-carrying organism, such as a rat, mosquito, or fly, that spreads infectious disease?
• Which mechanism involves uptake of naked DNA from the environment?
• Fungus is defined as
• What is a competent cell?
• PCR is a technique developed in the 1980s used to do what?
• What three endeavors in the 20th century led to drastic reductions in mortality from infectious disease in the United States?
• Define sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis and provide a lab example for each.
• Which term describes transmission from parent to offspring, such as during pregnancy?
• Which statement correctly differentiates passive and active transport in bacteria?
• Which stage is characterized by nonspecific symptoms that precede more defined illness?
• Mycolic acids are characteristic of which genus and relate to a unique cell wall feature?
• Which term describes microbes whose relationship with the host is parasitic and results in infection and disease?
• What is the S layer?
• Which organism is a photoautotroph?
• What are the three basic bacterial shapes and give an example for each?
• Which statement about ATP yield is true?
• Which term describes infection where the infectious agent spreads to other tissues from a local site, such as follow-on effects?
• Peptidoglycan is best described as which of the following?
• Which sequence correctly describes the Gram stain procedure?
• The infectious dose depends on the species and what host-related factor?
• In the Schaeffer-Fulton endospore staining method, which describes the color of endospores and vegetative cells after staining?
• What term describes microbes entering the body and remaining confined to a specific tissue, with examples such as boils and warts?
• Transmission of an infectious agent by an insect, arthropod, or animal.
• An infection that occurs when normal microbiota enter sterile tissue is called endogenous infection.
• What best describes superantigens and their effect on disease?
• Endogenous infection occurs if normal microbiota enter sterile tissue.
• How do beta-lactam antibiotics disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis and what bacterial components are targeted?
• Point source epidemic is which of the following?
• Which term describes an infectious disease in which the infectious agent can be transmitted from an infected host to another host and establish infection in that host?
• What are the three domains of life and which organisms belong to each?
• Which disease is a classic example of chronic infection?
• Propagated epidemic results from an infectious agent that is communicable from person to person and sustained over time in a population.
• Distinguish autotrophs and heterotrophs with respect to carbon and energy sources, and give microbial examples.
• Vehicle transmission is defined as transmission by an inanimate reservoir such as food, water, or air.
• Explain the central dogma of molecular biology and how it applies to microbes.
• What are the typical ribosome sizes in bacteria and eukaryotes, and where is the 70S form found?
• Which term defines an infectious disease in which the infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host?
• Which organism is listed among the five most common hospital pathogens?
• In dimorphic fungi, what form is typically present at body temperature and what form at environmental temperature?
• The S-layer is:
• Which term describes a disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact?
• How is competence induced in laboratory experiments?
• Which term defines a microbe whose relationship with the host is parasitic and results in infection and disease?
• Vaccination has what effect on memory B cells?
• What is the primary way vaccines protect against infection?
• Which term describes the primary natural reservoir for a pathogen?
• What is the primary function of the bacterial capsule that contributes to virulence?
• The capsule is often linked to increased pathogenicity because it provides what?
• What is the fundamental difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls that affects Gram staining?
• Which organism is an example of a mesophile?
• Lipoteichoic acids are associated with:
• Which term describes an individual or object from which an infection is acquired?
• Which statement about Gram staining is true?
• Teichoic acids are characteristic of:
• Biofilms are commonly responsible for persistent colonization on which surfaces?
• Which statement correctly describes autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism and provides microbial examples?
• What is true about ribosome sizes in cells?
• Which mechanism enables rapid dissemination of resistance and virulence traits among bacteria?
• What can facultative anaerobes do when oxygen is scarce?
• Which term describes a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings?
• Someone who is infected with a disease organism but is not experiencing symptoms.
• Histoplasma capsulatum serves as an example of a dimorphic fungus because it does what?
• Incidence is defined as?
• Which infectious agent lacks nucleic acids entirely?
• Exotoxins are secreted proteins produced by bacteria (e.g., diphtheria toxin, botulinum toxin).
• Which of the following represented major setbacks in the 20th century indicating the unpredictability of infectious disease?
• Which statement is true about the bacterial cell wall?
• Adhesins are virulence factors that primarily do what?
• Which term describes infection transmission from parent to offspring?
• Candida albicans can exist in yeast form and switch to filamentous structures. Which filamentous structures can it form when it undergoes dimorphic switching?
• Which term describes the direct spread of infection from one person to another?
• Which term describes a bacterium with a single flagellum at one end?
• Monotrichous describes a bacterium with what flagellar arrangement?
• Which organism is an example of a fastidious bacterium requiring X (hemin) and V (NAD) factors?
• What are acid-fast organisms and which genus is a classic example?
• Which term describes infection that spreads to several sites and tissue fluids (such as blood) and may travel via nerves and CSF, with examples including mumps and syphilis?
• Peritrichous describes a bacterium with flagella arranged how?
• The cytoplasmic membrane is:
• Which is a risk factor for hospital-acquired infections?
• Biofilm formation refers to which phenomenon?
• Which step culminates in the release of mature endospores during sporulation?
• What is the term for a physical object that transmits an infectious agent from person to person?
• In epidemiology, what is a vector? Example.
• Which phage is a classic example of lysogeny?
• In diagnostic microbiology, PCR is used to:
• Which term refers to the study of disease in the community or population?
• Parent to offspring.
• Which statement best describes lac operon regulation?
• Name two differences between archaeal and bacterial cell walls.
• Which term describes a person who mechanically transfers a pathogen without ever being infected by it?
• Why is a plasmid important in antimicrobial resistance?
• Which term describes a toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die?
• What is a differential medium? Provide an example and how it works.
• Name two genera that commonly form endospores.
• Antiphagocytic factors are best described as which of the following?
• What is the utility of a Gram stain in clinical workup?
• What are psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles? Give an example of each.
• Which mechanism uses a sex pilus for DNA transfer?
• A reservoir host is best described as which of the following?
• Which term best describes diseases that are highly contagious through direct contact?
• What is the correct sequence describing the stages of bacterial biofilm formation?
• Explain the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic microbes and how they compare to bacterial respiration.
• The spread of infection between hosts with the aid of a mediating source.
• Which definition describes infectious disease?
• The periplasmic space is located in which type of bacteria?
• Which type of infection can involve multiple body sites and may be evidenced by diseases such as mumps, rubella, chickenpox, AIDS, typhoid, and syphilis?
• Name the stages of a bacterial sporulation cycle and when it occurs?
• Microbial antagonism describes the protective effect of normal bacterial flora.
• Periplasmic flagella are internal flagella enclosed between which cellular structures?
• What is the term for the ability of a microorganism to cause disease?
• Fimbriae are short appendages on bacteria used for adhesion; increase virulence; allow colonization and biofilm production.
• Which statement best describes a facultative anaerobe?
• What does the Gram stain distinguish?
• Which term defines an infectious disease that does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host?
• Which term describes the beneficial effect of normal bacterial flora by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes?
• Which statement about eukaryotes is true?
• Which statement best describes a capsule?
• Which organism is a facultative anaerobe commonly used as an example?
• Which receptors are primarily involved in recognizing pathogens and triggering cytokine responses?
• What is aseptic technique in the laboratory, and what are two essential steps to maintain it?
• How does pH affect microbial growth and what is the typical pH range for most human pathogens?
• Which statement about incidence is correct?
• What is the function of biosafety levels (BSL-1 to BSL-4)?
• Which statement distinguishes yeasts from molds?
• What is the difference between alpha-hemolysis and beta-hemolysis on blood agar?
• Bacteria and Archaea are best described as which cell type?
• Which term describes microbes entering the body and remaining confined to a specific tissue, with examples such as boils and warts?
• Which term describes an infection that comes on rapidly with severe but short-lived effects?
• Person to person.
• Where are periplasmic flagella located?
• Which of the following is NOT one of Koch's postulates?
• What is a selective medium? Provide an example and how it works.
• Which term describes the period after exposure during which no symptoms are apparent yet the infection is present?
• In bacteria, where do transcription and translation occur relative to each other?
• Which statement is true about ribosomes in bacteria?
• Which term describes the spread of infection through a non-direct route that uses a mediator?
• Which statement best describes the medical significance of endospores?
• Which of the following is an example of a biological vector?
• Gram variability can complicate identifications because
• In the biofilm life cycle, what is the stage called when cells detach from the biofilm to colonize new surfaces?
• Which term best describes transmission by an inanimate reservoir such as food, water, or air?
• What is a virulence factor?
• Gram-negative cell envelope includes:
• The capsule is:
• Acid-fast staining is primarily used to detect which type of bacteria?
• Which term describes enzymes secreted by microbes that break down tissues and promote the spread of disease?
• What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
• Which statement best describes the primary function of capsules in bacteria?
• Which term refers to several microbes establishing themselves simultaneously at the infection site?
• What is the role of endospores and which genera commonly form them?
• Which description matches a slime layer?
• Which statement correctly differentiates a disinfectant from an antiseptic?
• How is CFU per milliliter calculated from a plate with a known dilution?
• Which statement compares fermentation and respiration regarding ATP yield?
• Germ Theory of Disease states that
• Virulence factors are traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, and determine the degree of tissue damage.
• Lophotrichous describes what arrangement?
• Which statement correctly differentiates aerobic and anaerobic respiration regarding final electron acceptor and ATP yield?
• Which statement best describes competitive inhibition versus noncompetitive inhibition with a microbial example?
• Which statement about horizontal gene transfer is true?
• Why are Gram stains used in clinical microbiology and what information do they provide?
• What does autoclaving use and what are typical conditions for sterilization?
• The outer membrane is a feature of:
• Which statement about plasmids is true?
• Which of the following is NOT considered an adhesion mechanism?
• Which term refers to infectious diseases acquired or developed during a hospital or health care facility stay?
• What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics? Give an example of each.
• Which statement best describes microbial taxonomy and binomial nomenclature formatting?
• Which form of transduction transfers adjacent bacterial genes near a prophage?
• Which of the following best describes two mechanisms by which the host immune system can limit microbial growth during acute infection?
• Which term describes microbes capable of causing disease in a healthy host?
• Which statement correctly describes peptidoglycan thickness in Gram-positive versus Gram-negative bacteria?
• Chemosynthesis uses chemical energy to fix carbon. Which organism is an example of chemosynthesis-based metabolism?
• Periplasmic flagella are also known as axial filaments.
• Chemotaxis in bacteria refers to movement toward or away from what?
• Small RNAs have been identified and appear to play critical roles in regulating what happens in the cell.
• What is the role of siderophores in microbial pathogenesis?
• The term for infection where the infectious agent breaks away from a local infection and is carried to other tissues; an example is influenza complicated by pneumonia.
• Penicillium is an example of which type of organism?
• After Gram staining, what color do Gram-negative bacteria appear?
• Which component is associated with acid-fast staining in Mycobacterium?
• Which mechanism uses a bacteriophage to transfer genetic material?
• Which term refers to enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and damage tissues, facilitating the spread of disease?
• What does an acid-fast stain detect in bacteria?
• The infectious dose is defined as what?
• Which staining method is used to visualize bacterial capsules?
• A true pathogen is defined as which?
• Which term refers to the initial infection that occurs in a host?
• How do viruses differ from bacteria in terms of replication and autonomy?
• Protazoan refers to